Method of reducing the nicotine content of tobacco



Patented June 12, 1934 METHOD OF REDUCING THE NICOTINE CONTENT OFTOBACCO .Paul Magnus Gross and Lawrence F. Dixon,

Durham, N. 0., assignors, by mesne assignments, to Hall Tobacco ChemicalCompany, Jersey City, N. J., a. corporation of New Jersey No Drawing.Application March 15, 1933,

Serial No. 660,976

'19 Claims. (Cl. 131-6) Our present invention relates to certain new anduseful improvements in processes of reducing the nicotine content oftobacco, whether the latter is in the form of leaves, strips or themanu- 5 factured products, such as cigarettes, cigars,

smoking tobaccos andthe like, and also whether such products have beenpreviously packaged or boxed or not. a

A prime object of the invention is to provide a process of the characterstated that may be readily carried out without the employment ofexpensive or unusual equipment, and wherein the treatment will not onlyremove or reduce the nicotine content, but will actually improve thetobacco by making it milder, and this is especially true of normallyharsh and strong tobaccos.

Another object of the invention is to provide a process that may bereadily regulated'so that the amount or quantity of nicotine removedfrom the tobacco may be controlled-at will, whereby the originalnicotine content of selected grades or types of tobaccos having oncebeen determined, may be reduced to any extent desired.

Our invention is based upon the discovery that ethylene oxide, and moreparticularly ethylene oxide in the form of a gas, when properly appliedto tobacco and preferably with due regard to the moisture content of thetobacco, will react chemically with the nicotine therein so as to alterits chemical constituents and thus remove their harmful effects, whileat the same time rendering the tobacco milder and smoother, especiallyfor smoking purposes.

One important feature of our invention is that the process may becarried out at ordinary temperatures and in a practical length of time.

Briefly and generally stated, our process includes the steps of placingthe tobacco to be treated in a closed receptacle of appropriate sizedepending upon the. amount to be processed; evacuating or partiallyevacuating the receptacle, and then introducing into the receptacle aregulated quantity of ethylene oxide gas and permitting the tobacco toremain under the influence of the gas for a predetermined length' oftime, de-

pending upon the nicotine reduction, desired, after which the receptacleis opened and the tobacco removed. Obviously the receptacle will beprovided with a suitable door having an air-tight closure and apreferred construction would be one wherein the tobacco could be loadedonto trucks that may be easily trundled into and out of the receptacle.

In order to enable others skilled in the art to understand and practiceour said invention we will now proceed to describe the same by givingspecific examples of some of our experiences, it being understood thatthey are merely illustrative and not to be taken as restrictive, butbefore stating the experiences we wish to point out that 6 our processhas the great advantageover others 7 in that it does not involve heatingthe tobacco or subjecting it to the action of solvents or solutions,such as are required by practically all prior methods.

As one example to illustrate the method of treatment we may cite thefollowing: Sixty cigarettes having the correct moisture contentnecessary for the success of the process were placed in a closedcontainer which was then evacuated to a pressure of 11 mm. of mercuryafter which the gas ethylene. oxide was admitted to the container untilthe pressure rose to 371 mm., thus subjecting the cigarettes to apartial pressure oiapproximately one-half an atmosphere of ethyleneoxide gas corresponding to a concentration or dosage of the gasequivalent to 55.8 lbs. per 1000 cubic feet. The cigarettes were allowedto remain in contact with the gas for five hours at the end of whichtime they were removed and analyzed. The cigarettes before treatment hada nicotine content of 2.42% calculated to the dry basis, and aftertreatment they had a nicotine content of 0.30% on the dry basis thusshowing that this treatment greatly reduced the nicotinev content.

The method furthermore possesses the very great advantage that it can becarried out on the finished tobacco products after packing in thepackages or containers in which they are usually sold to the consumer,as the gas is able, to penetrate such containers and effectively reducethe nicotine contentot the tobacco, provided only that such containersare not absolutely gas tight as in the case of so-called vacuum tins.Thus packages of cigarettes whose average nicotine content was 2.40% andwhose moisture content was correct, which were wrapped, as is commonlydone in moisture-proof cellophane wrappers, and sealed, were placed in acontainer and then the container was evacuated to a low pressure.Ethylene oxide was then admitted to the container until the pressurewithin it was equal to that of the atmosphere, after which the containerwas closed oil from the supply of ethylene oxide and the packages wereallowed to remain in contact-with the gas for 180 minutes. The containerwas then opened and the cigarettes in the package were analyzed andfound to contain only 0.25% nicotine.

Again a sample consisting of cigarettes weighing 425 grams packed inpackages wrapped with moisture-proof cellophane and contained in acarton of the usual type was placed in a container holding 2900 cc.which was then evacuated to a low pressure. Ethylene oxide gas was thenadmitted to the container in an amount corresponding to a pressure of0.7 of anatmosphere (concentration of 78.1 lbs. per 1000 cu. ft.) andallowed to remain two and one-half hours. Airrwas then admitted to thecontainer and it was opened and the packages were removed. Analysis ofthe cigarettes after this treatment showed themto contain 1.30% nicotineas compared with their original nicotine content of 2.59% before suchtreatment.

We have further treated samples of blended Virginia and Burley tobaccos,containing the proper amount of moisture, in the form known as strips"with the gas ethylene oxide and have reduced their nicotine content from2.33% before treatment to 0.16% after treatment. This shows that thisprocess of treatment is not dependent on the presence of substances suchas sugar or the like which may be present in the finished product but iseffective on the unprocessed, redried" tobaccos provided they have theproper moisture content and is the result of the action of the ethyleneoxide itself in the presence of the right quantity of moisture and isnot caused by the ethylene oxide acting with or through substances otherthan moisture which may be present in the tobacco in manufactured formas in cigarettes.

A sample of Burley tobacco having the proper moisture content in theform of strips which contained orginally 3.16% of nicotine was treatedfor three hours in a container with ethylene oxide under atmosphericpressure. After such treatment the tobacco contained only 0.54% ofnicotine thus indicating that tobaccos containing large percentages ofnicotine can by this treatment have their nicotine content greatlyreduced.

This process can also be used to completely remove the nicotine fromtobacco. For example cigars containing 0.74% of nicotine and the rightamount of moisture were treated with ethylene oxide gas underatmospheric pressure for a period of three hours. On analysis after thistreatment the cigars had no detectable nicotine content.

The above illustrations indicate the general scope and character of ourprocess or method. Since our discovery consists not only in the factthat ethylene oxide will reduce the nicotine content of tobacco underthe proper conditions, but also includes the discovery of the conditionsunder which this reduction takes place, we will now detail the"technique we have found necessary for successfully, carrying out theprocess under certain conditions.

We have discovered that ethylene oxide 'gas will not reduce the nicotinecontent of tobacco efliciently unless there is the proper amount ofmoisture present when the tobacco is brought in contact with the gas.The effect of moisture may be seen if we compare the extent of nicotinereduction produced by the same concentration of the gas acting ondifierent lots of the same sample of tobacco, each lot being of the sameweight but containing varying amounts of moisture.

The untreated sample of tobacco contained 2.57% nicotine (dry basis).The quantity of tobacco usedin each lot corresponded to a charge of 1362lbs. in a container holding 1000 cubic feet. The concentration ofethylene oxide gas cubic feet or to a partial pressure of about 0.5atmosphere of the gas. 'The time of exposure was five hpurs for eachlot. When the tobacco contained 2.0% to 3.0% of moisture (calculated tothe dry basis) only a very slight reduction of nicotine content of from0.57% to 0.64% was effected. When the tobacco contained 5.4% moisture areduction of 1.47% was effected in the nicotine content under the sameconditions. With a moisture content of 8.8% in the tobacco a reductionin nicotine content of 2.15% was effected. With increasing moisturecontent in the tobacco above 8.8% the extent of the reduction ofnicotine increased very gradually above a reduction of 2.15% in nicotineuntil with a moisture content of 14.5% in the tobacco a nicotinereduction of 2.3% was effected by treatments under the same conditionsas above. After this reduction of 2.3% in the nicotine content of thetobacco sample containing 14.5% moisture there remained only a residualnicotine content of 0.27% in the tobacco sample. (The moisture contentshere referred to were those found by determining the per centloss inweight, calculated on the weight of dry tobacco, of samples of tobaccowhen these were placed over 95% sulphuric acid in desiccators for aperiod of seven days at a constant temperature of 30 C.)

The above treatments show that to effectively 7 reduce the nicotinecontent of tobacco by the use of ethylene oxide it is necessary to havea moisture content of at least 8% in the tobacco. As numerous trialssimilar to those above have shown us that the presence of theproperamount of moisture is required for the successful carrying out ofthis process we wish to emphasize this necessary feature of our processor method.

We have also discovered that it is possible to control the extent of thenicotine reduction and yet carry out the process efliciently providedthe proper moisture content is present by variation in the concentrationor dosage of the ethylene oxide gas, by variation of the duration ofexposure of the tobacco to the gas and by variation of the charge oftobacco used in a container. Since too large a reduction in the nicotinecontent may alter the taste of the tobacco or tobacco product it isimportant to be able to control exactly the extent of such reduction.This we have been able to do by variation of the factors just cited asaffecting the extent of reduc tion. While in practice it may bedesirable to vary more than one of these factors at a time, we will heredescribe the effect of the variation of each one separately for the sakeof clarity. The cases we will cite and the actual quantities involvedare by way of illustration and are not to be construed as limiting theapplication of the process to these quantities or limits.

We will consider the effect of varying concentration or dosage of thegas ethylene oxide first, the time of exposure and the amount of tobaccobeing fixed. A quantity of tobacco in the form of cigarettes of theproper moisture content; namely, 10%, was divided into equal lots eachof whose weights corresponded to a charge of 8,170 lbs. of tobacco per1000 cubic feet of container space. Each of these lots were treated witha different concentration of ethylene oxide gas for the same period oftime-2V hours. The original untreated tobacco had a nicotine content of2.59%. The first lot of tobacco was treated with a concentration ofethylene oxide of 22.3 lbs. per 1000 cubic feet and showed a nicotinereduction of 0.48%. The second lot wastreated untreated cigarettes.

- witha concentration of ethylene oxide gas corresponding to 33.5 lbs.per 1000 cubic feet and a nicotine reduction of 0.70% resulted. The lottreated with a concentration of ethylene oxide gas of 44.6 lbs. per 1000cubic feet showed a nicotine reduction of 0.98%. The cigarettes fromthese three lots were found to have good aroma and taste on smoking whenthe standard of comparison was the aroma and taste of the originaluntreated cigarettes. A fourth lot was treated with a concentration'ofethylene oxide gas of 55.8 lbs. per 1000 cubic feet and showed anicotine reduction of 1.07%. A fifth lot was treated with aconcentration of 78.1 lbs. per 1000 cubic feet and a nicotine reductionof 1.29% resulted. The aroma and taste of the cigarettes of thesefourth, and fifth lots was good but differed slightly, in characterfrom' that of the original These cases show that it is possible tocontrol the extent of nicotine reduction by varying the concentration ofethylene oxide gas used.

We will next show how the duration of exposure of the tobacco to the gasaffects the nico-' tine reduction. A quantity of cigarettes having aproper moisture content; namely, 10%, and corresponding to a charge of643 lbs. of tobacco per 1000 cubic feet of container space was treatedwith a concentration of ethylene oxide gas corresponding to 55.8 lbs.per 1000 cubic feet. From the rate at which the gas was absorbed andfrom determination of the nicotinecontent of similar lots of cigarettesexposed to this concentration of the gas for varying lengths of time theextent of the reduction in the nicotine content of these cigarettes wasdetermined at different times of exposure to be as follows: after hour,0.78%; after 1 hour, 1.33%; after 2 hours, 1.72%; after 2 ,4; hours,1.88%; after 3 hours, 2.00%; after 4 hours, 2.27%; and after 5 hours,2.47%. The nicotine content of. the cigarettes had therefore beenreduced to 0.12% after five hours exposure. Thus by control of time ofexposure of the to bacco to the gas it is possible to produce anydesired nicotine content provided suflicient quantities of gas areemployed and the tobacco has the proper moisture content.

The third factor by variation of which it is possible to change theextent of the nicotine reduction in practice is the quantity of tobaccoor charge used in relation to the size of the container employed fortreatment with the gas, and in relation: to the times of exposure usedand the gas concentrations employed. we have shown with tobacco of aproper moisture content of 10.0% that if a constant time of five hoursof exposure to the gas ethylene oxide was used and a constantconcentration of 55.8 lbs. per 1000 cubic feet with varying amountsofcharge per 1000 cubic feet of container space the following nicotinereductions resulted: With a charge corresponding to 318 lbs. per 1000cubic feet a reduction of 2.35% in nicotine content; with a charge of2591'lbs. a reduction of 1.86%; with a charge of 3402 lbs. a reductionof 1.75%; and with a charge of 8397 lbs. a reduction of 1.06%.

By the variation of the above three factors either independently orconcurrently we have been'able to reduce the nicotine content oftobaccos containing widely different amounts of nicotine to any desiredextent.

We have further found that the extent of the reductionin the nicotinecontent of tobacco may be controlled and even checked by the admixturewith the ethylene oxide gas of various amounts of carbon dioxide orother-gases. Thus packages of cigaretteis with a correct moisturecontent wrapped in cellophane were subjected to the action of a mixtureof carbon dioxide and ethylene oxide for a period of five hours. Thismixture consisted of two parts of ethylene oxide gas and eight parts ofcarbon dioxide gas and was placed in a closed'container with thecigarettes so that the total gas pressure due to these two gaseswithinthe container was'equal to that of the atmosphere which was 749mm. pressure. This amount of ethylene oxide-corresponds to aconcentration of approximately 22.3 lbs. per 1000 cubic feet ofcontainer space. This treatment in the presence of carbon dioxide causeda reduction of the nicotine content of the cigarettes of 0.67%. Undersimilar conditions ethylene oxide gas alone in the absence of carbondioxide gas at the same concentration of 22.3 lbs. per 1000 cubic feetproduced a nicotine reduction in cigarettes of the .proper moisturecontent of 1.42%. I

In these cases the nicotine reduction effected by the ethylene oxide gasalone was shown to be twice as great as that when it was mixed withcarbon dioxide. We have furthermore shown by numbers of trials of thistype that if the propor-" tion of carbon dioxide in the mixture isincreased relative to the amount of ethylene oxide in it, theeifectiveness of ethylene oxide present is very .much less than if itwere present in the same amount in the container without the carbondioxide present. Similar results have been found by us to hold true formixtures of ethylene oxide and air.

We are familiar with the fact that it has been proposed experimentallyto employ ethylene oxide gas and its mixtures with carbon dioxide andair as an insecticide to eradicate beetles and other insects in .variousmaterials among which was tobacco. The dosages or concentrations whenused as such an insecticide correspond to concentrations of from 1 to 2lbs. of ethylene oxide gas per 1000 cubic feet of space. We wish tostress the fact that these concentrations are far below those which wehave found necessary and the other conditions in such operations aretotally inadequate to produce even slight nicotine reductions. Treatmentof tobacco with amounts of ethylene oxide as small as those used when itis employed as an insecticide will not produce any detectable reductionin nicotine content.

In order to show that the treatment of tobacco I with ethylene oxidereduces the nicotine content of the tobacco smoke from such tobacco aswell as that of the tobacco itself; a comparison of the cigarettes weresmoked in a specially constructed automatic smoking apparatus understandard and previously defined and-control'ed conditions. The smokingprocedure was identical in every respect for the untreated and treatedcigarettes and was intermittent and in close imitation of the smoking asordinarily done by a smoker. All of these products of the. combustionwhich would ordinarily enter'the smokers mouth were aspirated or drawnthrough a glass tube fitted with electrodes, in which tube theywereprecipitated by a miniature Cottrell precipitator according to a wellstandardized technique which had previously been worked out for suchanalyses of tobacco smoke. In this way the nicotine in the smoke wasprecipitated inthe glass tube and the nicotine content of the tube andtherefore that of the smoke was determined, using a modifiedsilico-tungstate method for the analysis which had previously been shownto be accurate for the quantities of nicotine obtained in this way onsmoking cigarettes in the smoking apparatus.

By'this procedure it was found that the smoke from the cigarettes whichhad been treated with the ethylene oxide gas in the above amountscontained on the average only 25% as much nicotine as the smoke from thecigarettes which had not been treated. This shows that this treatmentgreatly reduces the amount of nicotine present in p the smoke fromtobaccos which have been so processed. 1

In order to show that this treatment not only reduces the nicotinecontent of the tobacco as shown by chemical analysis but also produces aproportionate decrease in the physiological activity of the smoke of thetobacco we have carried out tests of the effect of smoke from untreatedand treated tobaccos on the contraction of leech muscles. These testswere carried out according to the well recognized procedure andtechnique described by Winterstein and Aronson which is regarded as thebest and most accurate quantitative measure of the physiological effectof varying amounts of nicotine. Description of the method of carryingout such tests will be found in three articles by Alfred Winterstein andErnst Aronson published in the Zeitschrift fiir Hygiene andInfectionskrankheiten, volume 107, page 487 in 1927, volume 108, pages530 to 533 in 1928 and volume 110, pages 644 to 653 in 1929. We. usedthese methods in making the tests on treated and untreated cigarettes.Smoke from cigarettes which had not been treated with ethylene oxide wascaught in tubes as previously described and compared with the smoke fromcigarettes which had been treated with ethylene oxide using'thephysiological test just described. It was thus found that thephysiological activity due to nicotine of the smoke from untreatedcigarettes was from three to four times greater than that of the smokefrom cigarettes which had been treated with ethylene oxide gas by ourprocess. It is thus clear that this process of treatment with ethyleneoxide not only reduces the nicotine content of tobaccos as shown bychemical analysis but also renders the nicotine physiologically inactiveprobably by combiningit with the ethylene oxide in the presence; ofmoisture to form a new physiologicaly inactive compound. This is furtherborne out by certain tests which we have made on nicotine solutionsinstead of tobacco. A nicotine tartrate solution was tested by means ofthe leech,muscle in a concentration corresponding to 0.0020 grams ofnicotine per liter of solution and found to cause a vigorous contractionof the leech muscle. A water solution of nicotine was treated withethylene oxide and was then purified and freed from ethylene oxide. Thissolution when used in a concentration corresponding to 0.0024 grams perliter (figured on its original nicotine content before treatment),

caused no contraction of the leech muscle. 'This shows that the ethyleneoxide in the presence of moisture combines with the nicotine toform anew .compound which is not physiologically active as is the nicotine.

We have also tried action of higher homologs or derivatives of ethvleneoxide and found that ing or removing their harshness of strength withoutimpairment of their desirable natural taste; Such improvement iseffected by subjecting the tobacco, either in the form of leaf or strip,or as the manufactured product such as cigarettes, cigars, or smokingtobaccos, to the action of the gas ethylene oxide for predeterminedlengths of time, the gas being used in such amountsand under suchpressures as may be necessary for the particular type of tobacco inquestion.

Particularly is this treatment effective in the case of strong or heavytobaccos which would ordinarily be regarded as strong for ordinarysmoking purposes. As an example of the application of this process thefollowing is cited. Ten cigars weighing grams, of a strong type andcontaining the proper percentage of moisture were placed in a containerwhich was then evacuated. Ethylene oxide gas was then admitted to thecontainer until the pressure within it was equal to that of theatmosphere. The cigars were allowed to stand in contact with the gas inthe container for three hours and then removed. On smoking, these cigarsshowed a remarkable improvement, becoming very much milder, yet withouthaving their taste and aroma impaired. Analyses of samples of thesecigars before this treatment showed them to contain 0.74% of whichcontained a high nicotine'content; namely, 3.15%, were subjected to theaction of the gas ethylene oxide for a period of'three hours underconditions similar to those outlined above for the cigars. After suchtreatment the nicotine content of these cigarettes was reduced to 0.37%and there was a tremendous improvement in the quality of the smoke fromthem, which was mild and smooth in contrast to the harshness andirritation noticeable in the smoke of the original untreated cigarettes.

We have furthermore found it possible to reduce the harshness of ablended tobacco product by treating by this process, before blendinginto the finished product, those tobaccos which cause such harsh orobjectionable character as the product may possess and then carrying outthe blending subsequent to such treatment. Thus for example a cigaretteblended from Virginia and Burley types of tobaccos may have its smokingquality improved and any harshness eliminated by treating the Bm-leyportion of its ingredients with ethylene oxide gas in proper amount, andfor the proper length of time before such Burley portion is incorporatedin the finished blend in the usual course of manufacture.

We have also found that it is possible to reduce the nicotine content oftobacco by treating it with a solutionof ethylene oxide or its homologs.Thus ethylene oxide may be dissolved in water and the water solution maybe applied to the tobacco either by spraying or sprinkling, or thetobacco may be immersed or dipped in the solution containing theethylene oxide. Thus for example a water solution containing 5 per centby weight of ethylene oxide when sprayed on tobacco reduced the nicotinecontent of the tobacco from 2.8% originally present to 2.1% aftertreatment. This action is not confined to water solutions but isalsoshown by other solutions of ethylene oxide.

We have furthermore round that this process of treatment of tobacco withethylene oxide reduces the acidity of tobacco as shown by determinationof the water soluble acidity of the tobacco and also by determination orthe socalled pH or Sorsensen value representing the hydrogen ionconcentration or the aqueous tobacco extract. Thusthis process iseffective in reducing the acid content 01 tobaccos,- without however,making them alkaline.

What we claim and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:-

1. The process of reducing the nicotine content of tobacco, whichconsists in subjecting tobacco having a predetermined moisture contentto the action of gas ethylene oxide.

2. The process of reducing the nicotine content of manufactured tobaccoproducts such as cigarettes, cigars, smoking or chewing tobacco inpackages, cartons, or unsealed tins, such as are usually employed inmarketing such products, and wherein the products have a predeterminedmoisture content, which consists in subjecting the packaged products tothe gas ethylene oxide.

3. The method of de-nicotinizing tobacco,

which consists in subjecting the-tobacco to the action 01 ethylene oxidegas in thepresence 01' a predetermined quantity 0! moisture.

4. The method of reducing the nicotine content of tobacco, whichconsists in enclosing the tobacco within a closed receptacle and thensubjecting the tobacco so enclosed to the action of ethylene oxide gasadmitted into the receptacle.

5. The method of reducing the nicotine conminedperiodoitime. 7. A methodof reducing'the nicotine content of tobacco, which consists-in enclosingtobacco within a closed chamber, partially evacuating the chamber, thenadmitting ethylene oxide gas into the chamber and permitting the tobaccoto remain under the influenced! the gastor a predetermined length 01'time dependent upon the extent of nicotine reduction desired.

8. The method o1 reducing the nicotine vcontent of packaged tobaccoproducts, which consists in enclosing packages of such products within aclosed chamber, partially evacuating the her, then introducing ethyleneoxide gas into said chamber at a predetermined pressure and permittingthe tobacco products to remain under the influence of the gas for apredetermined length of time.

9. A method of reducing the nicotine content of tobacco having amoisture content of approximately 8%,which consists in enclosing suchtobacco within a closed chamber, exhausting air from such chamber andthen introducing into the chamber ethylene oxide gas under'apredetermined pi'essure and permitting the tobacco to remain in thechamber under the influence of such gas for a predetermined length oftime.

10. A method of treating strong or irritating 9Q tobaccos to render themmild and non-irritating, which consists in subjecting the tobaccos tothe action of ethylene oxide gas in the presence of a predeterminedquantity of moisture and for a tent of tobacco, which consists insubjecting tobacco having a predetermined moisture content,'to theaction of ethylene oxide gas andin regulating the concentration of thegas to control the said reduction. 1 13. The method of reducing thenicotine con.- tent of tobacco, which consists in subjecting tobaccohaving a predetermined moisture content,

to the action of ethylene oxide gas and in regulating the pressure ofthe gas and the length of the treatment to control the said reduction.

14. The method of reducing the nicotine content oi! tobacco, whichconsists in treating the tobacco with a dilute. solution of ethyleneoxide.

15. The method of reducing the nicotine con- 1. 0 tent of tobacco, whichconsists in spraying the tobacco with a dilute solution of ethyleneoxide.

16. The method of reducing the nicotine content of tobaccos, whichincludes treating the tobaccos with solutions containing an ethyleneoxide linkage.

17. The method of reducing the acidity of tobacco mixtures, whichconsists in treating such mixtures with ethylene oxide in the presenceor a predetermined amount of moisture. 330 18. The method of reducingthe physiological. activity of the smoke of tobacco, which consists intreatingwtobacco having a predetermined moisture content with ethyleneoxide.

19. The method of reducing the nicotine con- 1 35 tent of tobacco, whichconsists in enclosing the tobacco within a closed container, introducingethylene oxide gasinto the container, and regulating the concentration01 the gas proportionate to the weight of the tobacco being treated inthe 14;) container to control the extent to which the nicotine contentis reduced.

-, PAUL MAGNUS GROSS.

LAWRENCE F. DIXON.

